This structure is incompatible with the observed symmetry of the ion, which implies that the three bonds are the same length and that the three oxygen atoms are equivalent. The Lewis structure of the carbonate ion has two (long) single bonds to negative oxygen atoms, and one short double bond to a neutral oxygen atom. It is the conjugate base of the hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate) ion, HCO − 3, which is the conjugate base of H 2CO 3, carbonic acid. It has a molecular mass of 60.01 g/mol and carries a total formal charge of −2. It consists of one carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms, in a trigonal planar arrangement, with D 3h molecular symmetry. The carbonate ion is the simplest oxocarbon anion. Carbonates are widely used in industry, such as in iron smelting, as a raw material for Portland cement and lime manufacture, in the composition of ceramic glazes, and more. Sodium carbonate ("soda" or "natron") and potassium carbonate ("potash") have been used since antiquity for cleaning and preservation, as well as for the manufacture of glass. The most common are calcite or calcium carbonate, CaCO 3, the chief constituent of limestone (as well as the main component of mollusc shells and coral skeletons) dolomite, a calcium-magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO 3) 2 and siderite, or iron(II) carbonate, FeCO 3, an important iron ore. Carbonate minerals are extremely varied and ubiquitous in chemically precipitated sedimentary rock. In geology and mineralogy, the term "carbonate" can refer both to carbonate minerals and carbonate rock (which is made of chiefly carbonate minerals), and both are dominated by the carbonate ion, CO 2− 3. The term is also used as a verb, to describe carbonation: the process of raising the concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in water to produce carbonated water and other carbonated beverages – either by the addition of carbon dioxide gas under pressure or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into the water. The word carbonate may also refer to a carbonate ester, an organic compound containing the carbonate group O=C(−O−) 2. How these names are assigned is beyond the scope of this module.A carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H 2CO 3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula CO 2− 3. There are millions of known molecules that each has its own systematically assigned name. Some more common molecules and their chemical formulas are:Ĭarbon Dioxide -> CO 2 Ammonia -> NH 3 Glucose/Sugar -> C 6H 12O 6 Isopropyl/Rubbing Alcohol -> C 3H 7OH Table Salt -> NaCl The graphic below illustrates the formula for water using symbols. A subscript is only used when more than one atom is being represented, that is a subscript of "1" will never be seen in a chemical formula. The subscript "2" means that two atoms of the element hydrogen have joined together to form a molecule. If we want to represent two atoms of hydrogen, instead of writing H H, we write H 2. For example, "H" represents one atom of hydrogen and "O" represents one atom of oxygen. In chemical formulas the abbreviations of element names, which are listed in the periodic table, are used. Identify the chemical formulas for several common substances.Ĭhemical formulas are used to describe molecules and compounds.
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